Individual attitudes, organizational reward system and patenting performance of R&D scientists and engineers

The interactive process perspective of innovation suggests that the innovation performance of individual R&D scientist or engineers (RSEs) is influenced by a nexus of interaction between individual attributes and organizational characteristics. While numerous empirical studies have investigated the effects of various sets of individual and organizational antecedents on the innovation performance of individuals, few have examined the interaction effects between the two. This paper addresses this gap in the literature by providing empirical evidence on the interactive effects of the attitudes of individual RSEs and the organizational reward system on the patenting performance of these RSEs.Innovative performance; individual attitudes; organizational reward system

Firms’ Innovative Performance: The Mediating Role of Innovative Collaborations

While existing studies have provided many insightful discussions on the antecedents to innovative collaborations and the benefits of collaborative behavior, few studies have focused on the mediating role of innovative collaborations in enhancing the firm’s technological innovative performance. In this paper, we investigate the mediating role of the firm’s innovative collaborations in the relation between government innovation support and the firm’s product and process innovation intensities. As a mediating factor in the innovation process, innovative collaborations form part of the innovative inputs that contribute to the firm’s product and process innovation intensities. Using arguments derived from the resource-based theory, we found that while receipts of government innovation support help increase the firm’s level of innovative inputs as observed in its collaboration intensity, it is equally important for firms to internalize management practices that encourage maximum leverage of government innovation support for pursuits of innovative collaborations. In a similar vein, while innovative collaborations are necessary for realizing innovative outputs including product and process innovations, it is not a sufficient condition for achieving strong innovative performance. The firm’s internal capabilities as observed in its learning, R&D, resource allocation, manufacturing, marketing, organizing, and strategic planning abilities have a positive influence on the relationship between innovative collaborations and innovative outputs.Innovative Performance; Innovative Collaboration; Firm’s Contextual Factors

Technological Specialization and Convergence of Small Countries: The Case of the Late-industrializing Asian NIEs

This paper examines the changing pattern of technological specialization of the four small, newly industrializing economies (NIEs) from East Asia as they move up the economic development ladder. In addition, the paper also investigates whether there is convergence or divergence between these NIEs and two reference groups of advanced economies -- eight small, advanced European countries and the G7. We find that the East Asian NIEs had a higher degree of technological concentration than both the group of 8 advanced small European economies and the group of G7 countries, although the differences had narrowed over time. The East Asian NIEs’ technological specialization pattern has also been diverging from those of the small advanced European countries, while converging among themselves (as well as towards the G7 until recently).Technological Specialization; Innovation; Patent Statistics; Newly Industrialized Economies

National innovation systems for rapid technological catch-up

노트 : Paper to be presented at the DRUID Summer Conference on National Innovation Systems, Industrial Dynamics and Innovation Policy, Rebild, Denmark, June 9-12, 199

Un análisis evolutivo del desarrollo del distrito de innovación One North en Singapur

Conceptualitzada per primera vegada en el primer Pla Nacional de Tecnologia de Singapur del 1991, la idea de crear un nou centre integrat de R+D i innovació a Singapur es va frustrar fins que es va incorporar a una estratègia més àmplia de Technopreneurship 21 (T21) anunciada el 1998, i presentat oficialment a finals de 2001. Des de 20 anys ençà, el districte d'innovació ha fet un progrés significatiu en el desenvolupament, però no tal i com es presentava en una sèrie d'estudis previs que adoptaven una narrativa de “planificació racional de dalt a baix”. Utilitzant una visió evolutiva, argumentem que el desenvolupament real de One-North ha estat format significativament per un nombre d'actors crítics, així com per factors ambientals externs, desviant la seva trajectòria evolutiva del seu pla original. La nostra narrativa evolutiva proporciona informació sobre el paper de les empreses exitoses en els projectes d'innovació a gran escala, i la necessitat d'integrar el desenvolupament espacial físic dins d'una estratègia de desenvolupament d'ecosistemes d'innovació integral.First conceptualised in Singapore’s first National Technology Plan in 1991, the idea of creating a new integrated R&D and innovation hub in Singapore languished until it was incorporated into a broader Technopreneurship 21 (T21) strategy announced in 1998, and was officially launched in late 2001. In the 20 years since, the innovation district has made significant development progress, but not quite in the manner as presented in a number of prior studies  that have adopted a “top-down rational planning” narrative. Taking an evolutionary view, we argue that the actual development of One-North was significantly shaped by a number of critical actors as well as external environmental factors, and its evolutionary trajectory deviated from its original plan. Our evolutionary narrative provides insights on the role of champions in large scale innovation projects, and the need to integrate physical space development within a comprehensive innovation ecosystem development strategy.Conceptualizada por primera vez en el primer Plan Nacional de Tecnología de Singapur de 1991, la idea de crear un nuevo centro integrado de I+D+i  en Singapur fue un esfuerzo frustrado, hasta que se incorporó una estrategia más amplia de Technopreneurship 21 (T21) en 1998, presentada oficialmente a finales de 2001. Desde hace 20 años el distrito de innovación ha hecho un progreso significativo en el desarrollo, pero no como se presentó en estudios previos que adoptaron una narrativa de “planificación racional de abajo arriba”. Utilizando una perspectiva evolutiva, el artículo argumenta que el desarrollo real de One-North ha estado integrado básicamente por un número de agentes críticos, y factores ambientales externos, que han desviado su trayectoria evolutiva del plan original previsto. Nuestra narrativa evolutiva proporciona información sobre el papel de las empresas con éxito en los proyectos de innovación a gran escala, y sobre la necesidad de integrar el desarrollo espacial, físico, en una estrategia de desarrollo de ecosistemas de innovación integral

ICT Production and Diffusion in Asia Digital Dividends or Digital Divide?

Technology diffusion, Innovation, Asian economic development

The Impacts of Knowledge Interaction with Manufacturing Clients on KIBS Firms Innovation Behaviour

knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS), knowledge interaction, innovations systems

Knowledge Sources of Innovation in a Small, Open Economy: The Case of Singapore

By tracing the flows of patent citation of prior patents and scientific journal articles, we investigate the sources of knowledge for innovation output in Singapore, a small, highly open economy that has traditionally been significantly dependent on foreign multinational corporations (MNCs). We found that the local production of new knowledge by indigenous Singaporean firms depends disproportionately on technological knowledge produced by MNCs with operational presence in Singapore and scientific knowledge generated by foreign universities. Locally produced new knowledge by indigenous firms and local universities constitute an insignificant, albeit rapidly growing, source for innovation in Singapore.innovation system, patent citation, Singapore, knowledge sources

Availability of Financing, Regulatory Business Costs and National Entrepreneurial Propensity

In this paper, we focus on two barriers to entry that may hinder the formation of new firms: capital requirements and regulatory business cost. The contribution of this paper is twofold: we compare the availability of different types of financing sources to address the issue of capital requirement and we utilise a new measure of business cost by constructing a composite index using data from the World Bank’s Doing Business Database. Using cross-sectional data on 37 countries that participated in the 2002 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, we examine the effect of availability of financing and regulatory business costs on the propensity of three different types of entrepreneurial activity:opportunity-driven, necessity driven and high-growth potential new firm formation. The availability of three types of financing sources is analysed: traditional debt financing, venture capital financing, and informal investments. The findings show that only informal investments significantly influence the propensity to be entrepreneurs. Regulatory business costs were found to deter opportunity driven entrepreneurship, but had no impact on other types of entrepreneurial activity.entrepreneurial activity, financing, venture capital, informal investment, business cost

Entrepreneurship by circumstances and abilities: the mediating role of job satisfaction and moderating role of self-efficacy

Prior studies have found that job dissatisfaction and self-efficacy are significant factors influencing individuals’ entrepreneurial propensity. Existing literature on entrepreneurship often regards job dissatisfaction as an entrepreneurial push factor and self-efficacy as an entrepreneurial pull factor. The argument is that individuals who are dissatisfied with their jobs are more likely to seek alternative mode of employment such as self-employment. In other words, poor job circumstances may push individuals to leave their paid employment to start their own businesses. On the other hand, personal abilities such as self-efficacy may pull individuals toward starting their own businesses in areas where they are confident and competent in. Despite the importance of job dissatisfaction and self-efficacy for new venture creation, few if any studies have examined the entrepreneurial phenomena from a holistic perspective. Utilizing concepts from the P-E fit and self-efficacy literatures, this paper argues that the path to entrepreneurship is a multi-faceted interactive process between individuals’ personal attributes and their work environment. We specifically examined how IT professional’s personal attributes such as innovation orientation and self-efficacy condition individuals for an entrepreneurial career in unsatisfactory work environments.